Wastewater Recycling Process
Water reclamation, wastewater reuse, or resource recovery is the process of converting treated wastewater into water that can be reused for other purposes. Reclaimed water is water that is used more than one time before it passes back into the natural water cycle. Reuse may include irrigation of gardens and agricultural fields, replenishing surface water, and recharging groundwater. Reused water may also be directed toward fulfilling domestic needs, businesses, and industry. This reuse water can even be treated to reach drinking water quality standards.
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Water Utility Management Practices
Water Utility Management Challenges Management of water and wastewater utilities encompasses a wide array of issues. These include product quality, customer satisfaction, personnel development, adequate capacity, operation and maintenance, finances, and whatever issues may present themselves. It is not a job for a single person. It is a team effort […]
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Venting Systems for Mid-Efficiency Furnaces
A vent is defined as a pipe or conduit that contains a passageway for conveying combustion products and air to the atmosphere. Products of combustion contain carbon dioxide, water, and sometimes carbon monoxide. Therefore, it is important to safely vent a gas furnace.
Modern gas furnaces are available with efficiencies that range from 80% to 98% Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) ratio. Furnaces that are 90 to 98% AFUE are considered very efficient and utilize a category 4 vent system. This means that the flue gases operate under a positive vent stack pressure with a low vent gas temperature, causing the gases to condense before discharging from the vent. Venting materials used for category 4 furnaces are those recognized by the furnace’s installation instructions such as stainless steel, PVC, and ABS. Furnaces one tier lower in efficiency use more traditional venting methods than the 90+% units. Even though these systems are associated with conventional chimneys and vents, special attention must be given to their installation.
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Sizing Equipment Grounding Conductors (EGC) Table 250.122: What’s New in the 2020 NEC?
If you turn to Section 250.122 in your NEC, you find information that has assisted electricians sizing equipment grounding conductors (EGC) for longer than most electricians have even been twisting wire.If you were on the job in 1968, you would have turned to Table 250.95 in your NEC for this information instead of Table 250.122, but the information was essentially the same.In 1968 you also would have found that an ungrounded (hot) branch circuit conductor protected by a 6000-amp overcurrent device required no less than a 1200 kcmil aluminum equipment grounding conductor… assuming you were using an aluminum equipment grounding conductor. That information remained unchanged for 50 years. But as the saying goes, “All good things must come to an end.”
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Electrical Burial Depths and Procedures
Underground electrical installations can save labor hours, material costs, and provide protection to the installation. Sometimes going underground is the only logical path to get service from one point to another whether new construction or remodel work. Overall, there are not many electrical projects that don’t require a little digging in the dirt at some point. Let’s dust off the National Electrical Code (NEC) and review some Code pertaining to burial depths and standard operating procedures.
